The synthesis of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) from buffalo bone waste using the hydrothermal method offers a sustainable and cost-effective approach for producing biomimetic materials that closely resemble natural bone minerals. This study explores the impact of hydrothermal temperatures (120 °C, 160 °C, and 200 °C) on the crystallinity, phase composition, and morphology. Buffalo bone waste underwent chemical treatments, was calcined at 1000 °C, and subsequently used as a precursor for CHA. Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed key findings, XRD analysis indicated that higher hydrothermal temperatures improve crystallinity, with sharper diffraction peaks at 200 °C, especially after 24-hour aging. SEM analysis showed morphological differences, with CHA synthesized at 200 °C exhibiting the densest, most uniform structure, whereas lower temperatures resulted in more porous structures with incomplete crystallization. FTIR spectra confirmed carbonate substitution in the hydroxyapatite lattice, while EDX analysis demonstrated a composition of calcium, phosphate, and trace elements, aligning with natural bone composition. This approach highlights CHA's potential as a biowaste-derived material for bone-related biomedical applications.

Keywords: Buffalo bone waste, Carbonated hydroxyapatite, Hydrothermal.